日本時間の昨夜、米国商務省から昨年10-12月期の米国GDP速報が発表されました。前期比年率で▲3.8%のマイナス成長でした。右のグラフは New York Times のサイトから引用しています。個人消費がマインドの悪化から7-9月期に続いて前期比マイナスとなり、クリスマス商戦の不振を象徴するとともに、設備投資も大きく落ち込み、相変わらず住宅投資は回復の気配もなく、要するに、ほぼ全滅の様相を呈しています。別に、米国に限るわけでもなく、世界中で同じような経済状況で、昨夜のエントリーで指摘したように、我が日本の鉱工業生産も10-12月期は前期比で軽く2桁マイナスですから、来月半ばに発表される予定のGDP成長率も年率換算すれば2桁の大幅なマイナス成長を記録することはほぼ確実です。四半期年率の2桁マイナス成長が何年振りになるのかはメディアが報道してくれると思います。決して楽しみなわけではありませんが、やや興味はあったりします。いずれにせよ、ニュースソースは官庁なんだろうと思います。
そこで、各国こぞって財政政策の出動に励んでいるわけです。まず、上の地図は少し前の Wall Street Journal のサイトから引用しています。各国の財政拡大策を金額の大きさで地図の上にプロットしています。記事のタイトルは "The New Old Big Thing in Economics: J.M. Keynes" となっていたりします。
続いて、今週号の The Economist のサイトでも同じようなフラッシュ・ファイルの地図で各国の財政拡大策の詳細が取りまとめられたりしています。国名のある地図の部分をクリックすると、財政拡大策や金融救済策の詳細に関する情報が現れます。何と大胆にも、上にリンクを張っておいた The Economist のサイトのフラッシュ・ファイルに直リンしていたりします。
しかしながら、財政政策を発動したり、金融救済策で安定化を図ったりしながらも、経済の先行き不透明感は払拭されません。上のマンガは今日付けの Financial Times のサイトに掲載されているものです。半分に縮小をかけたので少し見づらいんですが、ダボス会議の出席者が戻る方向は、景気後退から右回りに失業、保護主義、負債となっています。雪が降り始めて視界が悪そうな印象です。
日経新聞の web サイトを見ると、経済ニュースとしてアップロードされた順番は、以下の通りです。半年ほど前までは消費者物価の注目度が高かったんですが、現在では労働・雇用に注目が集まっています。しかし、繰返しになりますが、生産の先行きを考えると、少なくとも製造業においては、正規職員まで雇用調整が及ぶ可能性を覚悟する必要がありそうな気がしてなりません。
まず、 IMF の経済見通しについて、世界全体及び新興国・途上国と先進国に分けたGDP成長率見通しのグラフは上の通りです。なお、グラフをクリックすると、別画面で詳細な見通しの画像が開くようにしてあります。先進国経済は今年2009年にマイナス成長を記録した後、来年2010年も緩やかな回復を見込んでいます。新興国・途上国についても、成長率の水準は先進国よりも大きいものの、グラフのシェイプは全く同じで、デカップリング論は破綻しました。主要国を見ると、今年2009年、米国▲1.6%、欧州▲2.0%、日本▲2.6%と先進国が軒並みマイナス成長に陥る一方で、中国も2008年の9.0%成長から2009年には6.7%に大幅に減速すると見通しています。その後、来年2010年には、米国が+1.6%成長とある程度回復するものの、欧州+0.2%、日本+0.6%とかなり景気回復の歩みは緩慢で、いわゆる V 字型回復とはほど遠い展開が予想されています。中国も2010年+8.0%成長と見込まれています。さらに深刻なダメージを受けるのは世界貿易で、2009年には▲2.8%の減少に落ち込むと見通されています。現在のような世界同時不況の折にこそ、国内的にはマクロ経済政策で安定化を図るとともに、国際的には自由貿易を堅持する必要があるんですが、現実には逆の動きが出かねないことは、昨年12月24日付けのエントリーでも主張しているところです。特に、共同通信のサイトでは、延べ22か国・地域が関税引き上げや国内産業支援策など貿易に影響する措置を取ったとするラミー WTO 事務局長名の作業文書が作成され、「定期的な監視が必要」と指摘していると報じています。具体例として、インドの鉄鋼製品の関税引上げや輸入制限、中国による繊維製品輸出の際の税優遇、ブラジルなどが加盟する南部共同市場による一部製品の共通関税引上げなどの例が紹介されているようです。繰返しになりますが、現在のような世界不況の際であるからこそ、国内的にはマクロ経済政策による需要喚起、国際的には保護主義を警戒しつつ交易の利益を実現することが必要であるのはいうまでもありません。
米国東部時間の昨日、オバマ大統領の就任式が執り行われました。宣誓の最初の方ではとちったりしていましたが、連邦最高裁のロバーツ長官からの最初の呼びかけは "Senator Obama" だったのが、 "So help me God." で宣誓が終わった段階で "Congratulation, Mr. President." に代わっていたのが印象的でした。報道されていたように、ミシェル夫人が手にしていたのはリンカーン元大統領が宣誓式で使った聖書なんでしょう。もちろん、安全保障や政治課題などの重要なポイントはいくつもありますが、エコノミストとして就任演説での聴きどころは次の2つのパラだと思いますので重複をいとわず引用します。
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government. Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
特に、上の引用で私が青くて太いフォントで下線を引いておいた政府に関する部分は、言うまでもなく、レーガン大統領の第1期目の就任演説での余りにも有名なセンテンス "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem." を大いに意識したものと言えます。2番目のパラの市場に対する考え方もクルーグマン教授らのリベラルなエコノミストの主張をかなりの程度に受け入れているように私には見受けられました。
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.
Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.
For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.
Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends - hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
This is the price and the promise of citizenship.
This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.
This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.
So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:
"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."
America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.
Thank you. God bless you and God bless the United States of America.
各メディアがこぞって米国の第44代オバマ新大統領の就任式を報じています。リンカーン元大統領の故事にならって列車でワシントン入りしたとか、これもリンカーン元大統領の使った聖書で宣誓式を執り行うとか報じられています。私のこのマイナーなブログで詳細を書いても仕方ありませんから、別の角度から取り上げたいと思います。それは、NewYork Times のサイトで報じられていた New York Times / CBS News Poll の結果です。同じサイトから引用した結果は以下のグラフの通りです。
"The Sustainability of Fiscal Policy in the United States" と題するカリフォルニア大学サンタ・バーバラ校のボーン教授のペーパーで示された財政のサステイナビリティに関する検定に従えば、直感的に言って、基礎的財政収支がマイナスの赤字であっても、その赤字幅が減少しているのであれば、財政はサステイナブルであるとしています。私は慶應義塾大学経済学部の土居准教授がボーン教授の検定に従った推計をしているペーパーも読んだことがあります。それは別にして、極めて大雑把に言って、上のグラフが右上がりになっていないと、ボーン教授の定義による財政のサステイナビリティは満たさないわけで、かなりの程度、日本財政のサステイナビリティは世界経済の動向に依存しているようです。
このところ、開発経済学を少し勉強し始めています。どうということはないんですが、国連ミレニアム開発目標 (Millennium Development Goals) を表に取りまとめてみました。
GOALS and TARGETS
INDICATORS
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day.
1. Proportion of population below $1 (1993 PPP) per day 2. Poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty) 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 2 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
4. Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 3 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.
6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.
9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education 10. Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 5 Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
13. Under-five mortality rate 14. Infant mortality rate 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 6 Reduce by three quarters, between l990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
16. Maternal mortality ratio 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target 7 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate 20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years
Target 8 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria 22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (internationally recommended TB control strategy)
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 9 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
25. Proportion of land area covered by forest 26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area 27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (PPP) 28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels
Target 10 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation.
30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural 31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural
Target 11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 12 Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system. Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction — both nationally and internationally
Target 13 Address the special needs of the least developed countries. Includes: tariff- and quota-free access for least developed countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction
Target 14 Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly)
Target 15 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS)
Official Development Assistance(ODA) 33. Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors' gross national income (GNI) 34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) 35. Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied 36. ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their GNIs 37. ODA received in small island developing states as proportion of their GNIs
Market Access 38. Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty 39. Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries 40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP 41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt Sustainability 42. Total number of countries that have reached their Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative) 43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative 44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 16 In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.
45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, each sex and total
Target 17 In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.
46. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 18 In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.
47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population 48. Personal computers in use per 100 population and Internet users per 100 population
引用元のダイヤモンド・ビッグ&リード社のサイトにもあるんですが、大手企業・安定企業志向がより鮮明になっているようです。言うまでもなく、30年前は私も文系の男子の大学生でしたから、女子学生、特に、理系の女子学生についてはよく分からないんですが、食品会社が見受けられるのは、男子の理学部や工学部と違って、女子の理系は食物科なんかが多いんだろうと想像しています。男子学生の場合、文系・理系ともに総合商社の人気が高くなっていて、これに加えて、文系では大手金融機関、理系では大手電機メーカーに人気が集まっているような気がします。
なお、サイトでは文系・男子は150位まで、理系・男子と文系・女子は100位まで、理系・女子は30位までのランキングが pdf ファイルでダウンロード出来るようになっています。10位までのランキングでも明らかなんですが、もっと長いランキングを見ても、トヨタやホンダといった自動車会社の凋落振りが激しいことが分かります。昨年のランキングではトヨタは文系・男子で20位、理系・男子では6位だったんですが、今年は53位と23位に大きくランキングを落としていたりします。現在の経済環境下では、もうすぐ、電機会社の人気も落ちそうな報道も見かけたりします。言うまでもありませんが、各産業界の景気を如実に反映しているような気がします。ただし、人気企業ランキングですから明示的には入りようがないんでしょうが、就職先として考えた場合、公務員の人気が上昇しているような気もしないでもありません。それにしては、公務員試験委員も経験した私のゼミに学生の集まりが悪いので、力不足を感じてしまいます。また、昨年9月半ばのリーマン・ショック以降、ここ2-3か月で世界経済は大きく様変わりしましたが、日本については金融会社が人気を保っているのは理由のあることかもしれません。でも、やっぱり、外資系金融機関の人気は落ちているような気もします。
最後に、これまた本題とは関係ない話題で、米国のメディアは NY のラガーディア空港を飛び立った US エアウェイズの飛行機がハドソン川に不時着したニュースで持切りです。155人の命を救った機長が顔写真入りで紹介されていて、ほとんど英雄になっていたりします。このような事故の際に、寒い中を我が身を省みずに救助に駆けつける米国人のスピリットは敬服すべきものがあるように感じます。もちろん、全部見たわけではありませんが、以下の NBC ニュースのビデオが私の見た中では一番興味深かったです。私も東京と長崎を飛行機で行ったり来たりする身ですので、こういった事故は他人ごとではあり得ません。
本日の午後、内閣府から昨年12月の景気ウォッチャー調査の結果が発表されました。景気の現状判断 DI は11月の 21.0 から、とうとう、15.9 まで落ち込みました。9か月連続の低下です。リーマン・ショック後の10月調査で▲5.4ポイント低下したのには及びませんでしたが、それに続く史上第2位の落込み幅の▲5.1ポイントを記録しました。
もちろん、DI ですから、水準よりも方向性を見るべき指標であることはエコノミストの常識として承知しているものの、今世紀初頭の IT バブル崩壊後の景気後退局面の最低値は2001年10月の 27.2 でしたから、その水準は昨年2008年10月以来ずっと割っているんですが、あまりにも水準が低くなって、ほとんどの国民が「景気が悪い」と感じていることを実感します。また、なぜか11月には少し改善した九州の DI も12月には大きく落ちて、全国と同じようなレベルに達しています。
マインドが大きく悪化しているのは国民一般だけでなく、エコノミストも同じようなもんで、昨日開催された日経新聞主催の新春景気討論会に関して、今日の日経新聞で報じられていましたが、世界経済の現状についてはほぼ全員が非常に厳しい認識を示していました。米国経済の成長率は2009年はマイナスか、よくてゼロ近傍とのコンセンサスでしたし、日本経済についても、今年いっぱいマイナス成長が続くとの意見もありました。もっとも、日米欧の主要国をはじめとして財政政策や金融政策をてこに底入れを探る動きがあるとの見方も表明されていたようです。
DI の水準は別にして、前回の景気後退期には景気ウォッチャー調査は先行指標となっていましたし、実際に、マインドが好転すれば消費や投資の活発化が望めるわけですから、この指標がいつになったら底を打つのかにも注目したいと思います。
最初のは前々から考えていたんですが、フォントをメイリオに変更しました。Windows Vista の標準フォントといいながら、実は、Windows Vista にしかインストールされていないので、そもそも、メイリオが入っていないパソコンでは表示は何ら変わりありません。でも、Windows XP でしたらメイリオのフォントをインストールすることが出来ます。マイクロソフトの以下のサイトからダウンロード出来ます。私は決してオススメするものではありませんから、あくまで自己責任でお試し下さい。なお、私が試してみたところ、Windows XP のパソコンにメイリオをインストールしても、ブラウザが Internet Explorer 6 である限りは、やっぱり、表示の乱れは生じます。Windows Vista で Internet Expoler 7 に合わせて表示を最適化していますので、ご容赦下さい。
正直に、やっぱりタイヘンだと考えているのは New York Times で、下のフラッシュファイルは "Job Losses in 2008" と題する記事のサイトから引用していて、大胆にも直リンしていたりします。非農業部門雇用者が減少を続け、失業率が逆に上昇を続けた2008年1年間の雇用情勢が分かるようになっています。
最後に、それではこの景気後退がいつまでの長さ、どのくらいの深さで続くのかと、ほぼ私と同じようなことを考えているのがミネアポリス連銀です。"The Recession in Perspective" と題するサイトで戦後米国の景気後退局面のエピソードと今次景気後退を長さと深さに分けて、以下のグラフを使って考察しています。
Notes:
Employment is nonfarm payroll employment calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Postwar recessions include the 10 recessions as defined by the NBER that started between 1946 and 2006.
Mildest, median and harshest recessions are defined for each month; the specific recession for each category changes over time.
Notes:
Output is gross domestic product adjusted for inflation as calculated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Postwar recessions include the 10 recessions as defined by the NBER that started between 1946 and 2006.
Mildest, median and harshest recessions are defined for each quarter; the specific recession for each category changes over time.
Note:
Chart shows percentage decline in nonfarm employment 12 months after the start of each recession. This reflects the most recent data available for employment in the current recession.
Notes:
The largest percentage decline for the current recession has yet to be determined: thus, the ? for the current recession.
Individual data series often peak before or after the official NBER start of a recession. For example, employment in the 1973 recession rose 0.9 percent before falling 2.8 percent from the employment peak.
Note:
Chart shows percentage decline in real gross domestic product 3 quarters after the start of each recession. This reflects the most recent data available for output in the current recession.
Note:
The largest percentage decline for the current recession has yet to be determined: thus, the ? for the current recession.
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